![]() ![]() In order to capture the strength of states, we focus on the historical juncture before the expansion of female suffrage. State capacity reputations thus determine the degree of clientelistic exchange across societies. Past experience with public bureaucracy forms expectations of both voters and parties about the performance of the state and its ability to provide public goods. The shift to programmatic politics reflects a historical transition from personalized trust in politicians to impersonal trust in bureaucracies tasked by political parties to implement policy. ![]() What explains different levels of clientelism across countries? Why do some politicians deliver clientelistic goods to their electoral constituencies and why do some voters demand them? We focus on the historical origins of trust in states and show that they have a lasting impact on contemporary patterns of patronage. ![]()
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